“write that the spiritual excommunication of Nuṣrat-Allāh Bāhir—after I consulted his mother—is necessary and obligatory”
Shoghi Effendi, Tauqī`āt-i mubārak-i (1945–1952) (Persian copy), p. 78–79
Ex communication is…
Expulsion of disgruntled and protesting Baha’is from the Baha’i community.
